Summary

Summary {data-width=650}

Manhattan plot

manhattan_plot

QQ plot

qq_plot

AF plot

af_plot

P-Z plot

pz_plot

beta_std plot

beta_std_plot

Metadata

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}
 

LDSC

*********************************************************************
* LD Score Regression (LDSC)
* Version 1.0.1
* (C) 2014-2019 Brendan Bulik-Sullivan and Hilary Finucane
* Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard / MIT Department of Mathematics
* GNU General Public License v3
*********************************************************************
Call: 
./ldsc.py \
--h2 /data/cromwell-executions/qc/23349aae-87a5-40a3-b7ba-adabdac704ac/call-ldsc/inputs/-261044512/ieu-b-4820.vcf.gz \
--ref-ld-chr /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/ \
--out /data/igd/ieu-b-4820/ldsc.txt \
--w-ld-chr /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/ 

Beginning analysis at Wed Jan  5 04:43:58 2022
Reading summary statistics from /data/cromwell-executions/qc/23349aae-87a5-40a3-b7ba-adabdac704ac/call-ldsc/inputs/-261044512/ieu-b-4820.vcf.gz ...
Read summary statistics for 6046988 SNPs.
Dropped 16724 SNPs with duplicated rs numbers.
Reading reference panel LD Score from /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/[1-22] ... (ldscore_fromlist)
Read reference panel LD Scores for 1290028 SNPs.
Removing partitioned LD Scores with zero variance.
Reading regression weight LD Score from /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/[1-22] ... (ldscore_fromlist)
Read regression weight LD Scores for 1290028 SNPs.
After merging with reference panel LD, 1152796 SNPs remain.
After merging with regression SNP LD, 1152796 SNPs remain.
Using two-step estimator with cutoff at 30.
Total Observed scale h2: 0.0654 (0.0156)
Lambda GC: 1.0953
Mean Chi^2: 1.0978
Intercept: 1.057 (0.0066)
Ratio: 0.5826 (0.067)
Analysis finished at Wed Jan  5 04:45:22 2022
Total time elapsed: 1.0m:24.47s

QC metrics

Metrics

Metrics

{
    "af_correlation": "NA",
    "inflation_factor": 1.0986,
    "mean_EFFECT": -0.0011,
    "n": 32696,
    "n_snps": 6047010,
    "n_clumped_hits": 1,
    "n_p_sig": 22,
    "n_mono": 0,
    "n_ns": 0,
    "n_mac": 0,
    "is_snpid_unique": false,
    "n_miss_EFFECT": 0,
    "n_miss_SE": 0,
    "n_miss_PVAL": 0,
    "n_miss_AF": 6047010,
    "n_miss_AF_reference": 39453,
    "n_est": "NA",
    "ratio_se_n": "NA",
    "mean_diff": "NaN",
    "ratio_diff": "NaN",
    "sd_y_est1": "NaN",
    "sd_y_est2": "NA",
    "r2_sum1": 0,
    "r2_sum2": 0,
    "r2_sum3": 0,
    "r2_sum4": 0,
    "ldsc_nsnp_merge_refpanel_ld": 1152796,
    "ldsc_nsnp_merge_regression_ld": 1152796,
    "ldsc_observed_scale_h2_beta": 0.0654,
    "ldsc_observed_scale_h2_se": 0.0156,
    "ldsc_intercept_beta": 1.057,
    "ldsc_intercept_se": 0.0066,
    "ldsc_lambda_gc": 1.0953,
    "ldsc_mean_chisq": 1.0978,
    "ldsc_ratio": 0.5828
}
 

Flags

name value
af_correlation NA
inflation_factor FALSE
n FALSE
is_snpid_non_unique TRUE
mean_EFFECT_nonfinite FALSE
mean_EFFECT_05 FALSE
mean_EFFECT_01 FALSE
mean_chisq FALSE
n_p_sig FALSE
miss_EFFECT FALSE
miss_SE FALSE
miss_PVAL FALSE
ldsc_ratio TRUE
ldsc_intercept_beta FALSE
n_clumped_hits FALSE
r2_sum1 FALSE
r2_sum2 FALSE
r2_sum3 FALSE
r2_sum4 FALSE

Definitions

General metrics

  • af_correlation: Correlation coefficient between AF and AF_reference.
  • inflation_factor (lambda): Genomic inflation factor.
  • mean_EFFECT: Mean of EFFECT size.
  • n: Maximum value of reported sample size across all SNPs, \(n\).
  • n_clumped_hits: Number of clumped hits.
  • n_snps: Number of SNPs
  • n_p_sig: Number of SNPs with pvalue below 5e-8.
  • n_mono: Number of monomorphic (MAF == 1 or MAF == 0) SNPs.
  • n_ns: Number of SNPs with nonsense values:
    • alleles other than A, C, G or T.
    • P-values < 0 or > 1.
    • negative or infinite standard errors (<= 0 or = Infinity).
    • infinite beta estimates or allele frequencies < 0 or > 1.
  • n_mac: Number of cases where MAC (\(2 \times N \times MAF\)) is less than 6.
  • is_snpid_unique: true if the combination of ID REF ALT is unique and therefore no duplication in snpid.
  • n_miss_<*>: Number of NA observations for <*> column.

se_n metrics

  • n_est: Estimated sample size value, \(\widehat{n}\).
  • ratio_se_n: \(\texttt{ratio_se_n} = \frac{\sqrt{\widehat{n}}}{\sqrt{n}}\). We expect ratio_se_n to be 1. When it is not 1, it implies that the trait did not have a variance of 1, the reported sample size is wrong, or that the SNP-level effective sample sizes differ markedly from the reported sample size.
  • mean_diff: \(\texttt{mean_diff} = \sum_{j} \frac{\widehat{\beta_j^{std}} - \beta_j}{\texttt{n_snps}}\), mean difference between the standardised beta, predicted from P-values, and the observed beta. The difference should be very close to zero if trait has a variance of 1.
    • \(\widehat{\beta_j^{std}} = \sqrt{\frac{{z}_j^2 / ({z}_j^2 + n -2)}{2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}} \times sign({z}_j)\),
    • \({z}_j = \frac{\beta_j}{{se}_j}\),
    • and \(\beta_j\) is the reported effect size.
  • ratio_diff: \(\texttt{ratio_diff} = |\frac{\texttt{mean_diff}}{\texttt{mean_diff2}}|\), absolute ratio between the mean of diff and the mean of diff2 (expected difference between the standardised beta predicted from P-values, and the standardised beta derived from the observed beta divided by the predicted SD; NOT reported). The ratio should be close to 1. If different from 1, then implies that the betas are not in a standard deviation scale.
    • \(\texttt{mean_diff2} = \sum_{j} \frac{\widehat{\beta_j^{std}} - \beta^{\prime}_j}{\texttt{n_snps}}\)
    • \(\beta^{\prime}_j = \frac{\beta_j}{\widehat{\texttt{sd2}}_{y}}\)
  • sd_y_est1: The standard deviation for the trait inferred from the reported sample size, median standard errors for the SNP-trait assocations and SNP variances.
    • \(\widehat{\texttt{sd1}}_{y} = \frac{\sqrt{n} \times median({se}_j)}{C}\),
    • \(C = median(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}})\),
    • and \({se}_j\) is the reported standard error.
  • sd_y_est2: The standard deviation for the trait inferred from the reported sample size, Z statistics for the SNP-trait effects (beta/se) and allele frequency.
    • \(\widehat{\texttt{sd2}}_{y} = median(\widehat{sd_j})\),
    • \(\widehat{sd_j} = \frac{\beta_j}{\widehat{\beta_j^{std}}}\),

r2 metrics

Sum of variance explained, calculated from the clumped top hits sample.

  • r2_sum<*>: r2 statistics under various assumptions
    • 1: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{2 \times \beta_j^2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}{\texttt{var1}}}\), \(\texttt{var1} = 1\).
    • 2: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{2 \times \beta_j^2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}{\texttt{var2}}}\), \(\texttt{var2} = {\widehat{\texttt{sd1}}_{y}}^2\),
    • 3: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{2 \times \beta_j^2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}{\texttt{var3}}}\), \(\texttt{var3} = {\widehat{\texttt{sd2}}_{y}}^2\),
    • 4: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{F_j}{F_j + n - 2}}\), \(F = \frac{\beta_j^2}{{se}_j^2}\).

LDSC metrics

Metrics from LD regression

  • ldsc_nsnp_merge_refpanel_ld: Number of remaining SNPs after merging with reference panel LD.
  • ldsc_nsnp_merge_regression_ld: Number of remaining SNPs after merging with regression SNP LD.
  • ldsc_observed_scale_h2_{beta,se} Coefficient value and SE for total observed scale h2.
  • ldsc_intercept_{beta,se}: Coefficient value and SE for intercept. Intercept is expected to be 1.
  • ldsc_lambda_gc: Lambda GC statistics.
  • ldsc_mean_chisq: Mean \(\chi^2\) statistics.
  • ldsc_ratio: \(\frac{\texttt{ldsc_intercept_beta} - 1}{\texttt{ldsc_mean_chisq} - 1}\), the proportion of the inflation in the mean \(\chi^2\) that the LD Score regression intercepts ascribes to causes other than polygenic heritability. The value of ratio should be close to zero, though in practice values of 0.1-0.2 are not uncommon, probably due to sample/reference LD Score mismatch or model misspecification (e.g., low LD variants have slightly higher \(h^2\) per SNP).

Flags

When a metric needs attention, the flag should return TRUE.

  • af_correlation: abs(af_correlation) < 0.7.
  • inflation_factor: inflation_factor > 1.2.
  • n: n (max reported sample size) < 10000.
  • is_snpid_non_unique: NOT is_snpid_unique.
  • mean_EFFECT_nonfinite: mean(EFFECT) is NA, NaN, or Inf.
  • mean_EFFECT_05: abs(mean(EFFECT)) > 0.5.
  • mean_EFFECT_01: abs(mean(EFFECT)) > 0.1.
  • mean_chisq: ldsc_mean_chisq > 1.3 or ldsc_mean_chisq < 0.7.
  • n_p_sig: n_p_sig > 1000.
  • miss_<*>: n_miss_<*> / n_snps > 0.01.
  • ldsc_ratio: ldsc_ratio > 0.5
  • ldsc_intercept_beta: ldsc_intercept_beta > 1.5
  • n_clumped_hits: n_clumped_hits > 1000
  • r2_sum<*>: r2_sum<*> > 0.5

Plots

  • Manhattan plot
    • Red line: \(-log_{10}^{5 \times 10^{-8}}\)
    • Blue line: \(-log_{10}^{5 \times 10^{-5}}\)
  • QQ plot
  • AF plot
  • P-Z plot
  • beta_std plot: Scatter plot between \(\widehat{\beta_j^{std}}\) and \(\beta_j\)

Diagnostics

Details

Summary stats

skim_type skim_variable n_missing complete_rate character.min character.max character.empty character.n_unique character.whitespace logical.mean logical.count numeric.mean numeric.sd numeric.p0 numeric.p25 numeric.p50 numeric.p75 numeric.p100 numeric.hist
character ID 6 0.9999990 3 58 0 6046991 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
character REF 0 1.0000000 1 1 0 4 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
character ALT 0 1.0000000 1 1 0 4 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
logical AF 6047010 0.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NaN : NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
numeric CHROM 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.630937e+00 5.740717e+00 1.0000e+00 4.000000e+00 8.000000e+00 1.300000e+01 2.200000e+01 ▇▅▅▂▂
numeric POS 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 7.888937e+07 5.640061e+07 8.2800e+02 3.241012e+07 6.951510e+07 1.147393e+08 2.492223e+08 ▇▆▅▂▁
numeric EFFECT 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -1.068900e-03 5.663860e-02 -4.8590e-01 -3.320000e-02 -8.000000e-04 3.130000e-02 4.606000e-01 ▁▁▇▁▁
numeric SE 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.022720e-02 1.993270e-02 3.1000e-02 3.490000e-02 4.210000e-02 5.940000e-02 1.331000e-01 ▇▂▁▁▁
numeric PVAL 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.849753e-01 2.928522e-01 0.0000e+00 2.272998e-01 4.795998e-01 7.388002e-01 1.000000e+00 ▇▇▇▇▇
numeric PVAL_ztest 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.849754e-01 2.928529e-01 0.0000e+00 2.272665e-01 4.796308e-01 7.388827e-01 1.000000e+00 ▇▇▇▇▇
numeric AF_reference 39453 0.9934756 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.043527e-01 2.467845e-01 1.9970e-04 1.018370e-01 2.318290e-01 4.628590e-01 1.000000e+00 ▇▅▂▂▁
numeric N 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.044013e+04 2.847591e+03 1.9631e+04 3.001500e+04 3.104600e+04 3.269600e+04 3.269600e+04 ▁▁▁▁▇

Head and tail

CHROM POS ID REF ALT EFFECT SE PVAL PVAL_ztest AF AF_reference N
1 797440 rs58013264 T C -0.0349 0.0579 0.5471999 0.5466661 NA 0.189497 24754
1 798400 rs10900604 A G 0.0377 0.0478 0.4294000 0.4302857 NA 0.410543 25258
1 798959 rs11240777 G A 0.0403 0.0416 0.3324000 0.3326699 NA 0.409944 30390
1 801467 rs61768212 G C -0.0323 0.0583 0.5796996 0.5795577 NA 0.193091 24227
1 804759 rs7526310 C T -0.0382 0.0583 0.5126005 0.5123187 NA 0.193890 24227
1 808631 rs11240779 G A -0.0345 0.0458 0.4508998 0.4512846 NA 0.453474 25258
1 808928 rs11240780 C T -0.0338 0.0458 0.4610001 0.4605198 NA 0.452276 25258
1 845635 rs117086422 C T -0.0145 0.0416 0.7272002 0.7274214 NA 0.158546 30390
1 845938 rs57760052 G A -0.0066 0.0413 0.8721000 0.8730337 NA 0.363419 30390
1 846078 rs28612348 C T -0.0111 0.0431 0.7975000 0.7967615 NA 0.161741 30390
CHROM POS ID REF ALT EFFECT SE PVAL PVAL_ztest AF AF_reference N
22 51213613 rs34726907 C T -0.0914 0.0621 0.1405999 0.1410696 NA 0.1727240 21261
22 51216564 rs9616970 T C -0.0913 0.0621 0.1412001 0.1415051 NA 0.1563500 21261
22 51217954 rs9616974 G A -0.0455 0.0799 0.5686002 0.5690428 NA 0.0621006 20734
22 51218224 rs9616975 C A -0.0455 0.0799 0.5686002 0.5690428 NA 0.0619010 20734
22 51218377 rs2519461 G C -0.0437 0.0798 0.5843002 0.5839535 NA 0.0826677 20734
22 51219387 rs9616832 T C -0.0446 0.0795 0.5743002 0.5747932 NA 0.0654952 20734
22 51221731 rs115055839 T C -0.0468 0.0800 0.5590002 0.5585477 NA 0.0625000 20734
22 51222100 rs114553188 G T -0.1080 0.0933 0.2470000 0.2470452 NA 0.0880591 20782
22 51223637 rs375798137 G A -0.1099 0.0938 0.2412998 0.2413409 NA 0.0788738 20782
22 51229805 rs9616985 T C -0.0402 0.0800 0.6153993 0.6153159 NA 0.0730831 20734

bcf preview

1   797440  rs58013264  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0349:0.0579:0.261854:24754:rs58013264
1   798400  rs10900604  A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0377:0.0478:0.367138:25258:rs10900604
1   798959  rs11240777  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0403:0.0416:0.478339:30390:rs11240777
1   801467  rs61768212  G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0323:0.0583:0.236797:24227:rs61768212
1   804759  rs7526310   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0382:0.0583:0.290221:24227:rs7526310
1   808631  rs11240779  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0345:0.0458:0.34592:25258:rs11240779
1   808928  rs1247187939    C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0338:0.0458:0.336299:25258:rs1247187939
1   845635  rs117086422 C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0145:0.0416:0.138346:30390:rs117086422
1   845938  rs57760052  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0066:0.0413:0.0594337:30390:rs57760052
1   846078  rs778265812 C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0111:0.0431:0.0982693:30390:rs778265812
1   846398  rs58781670  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0158:0.0417:0.151503:30390:rs58781670
1   846808  rs4475691   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0058:0.0428:0.0492945:30390:rs4475691
1   846864  rs1269142199    G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0163:0.0431:0.151503:30390:rs1269142199
1   847228  rs3905286   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0096:0.0423:0.0857626:30390:rs3905286
1   847491  rs1158719307    G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0031:0.0418:0.0264565:30390:rs1158719307
1   848090  rs4246505   G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0022:0.042:0.0184079:30390:rs4246505
1   848445  rs1156895099    G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0084:0.0419:0.0748427:30390:rs1156895099
1   848456  rs11507767  A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0077:0.0419:0.0686439:30390:rs11507767
1   848738  rs3829741   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0022:0.042:0.0188159:30390:rs3829741
1   850062  rs28723578  A   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0012:0.0418:0.00970555:30390:rs28723578
1   850123  rs28622257  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0062:0.042:0.0537934:30390:rs28622257
1   851190  rs28609852  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0026:0.0418:0.0222307:30390:rs28609852
1   851204  rs28552953  G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0043:0.0415:0.037536:30390:rs28552953
1   852664  rs28605311  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0017:0.0424:0.0139004:30390:rs28605311
1   852758  rs4970462   G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0017:0.0424:0.0137659:30390:rs4970462
1   853239  rs4970380   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.002:0.0424:0.0167346:30390:rs4970380
1   854250  rs7537756   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0021:0.0421:0.0172766:30390:rs7537756
1   856476  rs4040605   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0686:0.04:1.06213:25258:rs4040605
1   858040  rs4970460   C   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0169:0.0473:0.141944:25258:rs4970460
1   858051  rs4970459   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0171:0.0472:0.144481:25258:rs4970459
1   858801  rs7418179   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0414:0.0454:0.441531:25258:rs7418179
1   860416  rs61464428  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0518:0.0456:0.592949:25258:rs61464428
1   860688  rs60837925  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0494:0.0455:0.555487:25258:rs60837925
1   861630  rs2879816   G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0509:0.0456:0.578725:25258:rs2879816
1   862866  rs3892970   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.045:0.0453:0.494307:25258:rs3892970
1   864002  rs1806501   G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0416:0.0472:0.422853:25258:rs1806501
1   864938  rs1185651409    G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0237:0.0447:0.2249:25258:rs1185651409
1   865219  rs75551395  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0226:0.047:0.200591:25258:rs75551395
1   866893  rs2880024   T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0393:0.039:0.503347:25258:rs2880024
1   866938  rs74047407  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0186:0.0455:0.165834:25258:rs74047407
1   867635  rs76964081  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0308:0.047:0.290985:25258:rs76964081
1   870645  rs28576697  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0947:0.0424:1.59329:25258:rs28576697
1   871334  rs4072383   G   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0913:0.042:1.52593:25258:rs4072383
1   872352  rs1445142858    G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1091:0.0429:1.95624:25258:rs1445142858
1   873558  rs1110052   G   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0867:0.0419:1.41218:25258:rs1110052
1   875770  rs4970379   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0786:0.0394:1.33611:25258:rs4970379
1   876499  rs755331663 A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0697:0.0834:0.394479:25824:rs755331663
1   877147  rs114982608 G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1015:0.0438:1.6855:25258:rs114982608
1   879676  rs6605067   G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0825:0.0821:0.501138:25824:rs6605067
1   879687  rs2839  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0692:0.0834:0.391046:25824:rs2839