Summary

Summary {data-width=650}

Manhattan plot

manhattan_plot

QQ plot

qq_plot

AF plot

af_plot

P-Z plot

pz_plot

beta_std plot

beta_std_plot

Metadata

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}
 

LDSC

*********************************************************************
* LD Score Regression (LDSC)
* Version 1.0.1
* (C) 2014-2019 Brendan Bulik-Sullivan and Hilary Finucane
* Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard / MIT Department of Mathematics
* GNU General Public License v3
*********************************************************************
Call: 
./ldsc.py \
--h2 /data/cromwell-executions/qc/42885d4b-fb0b-481a-9c31-7042290ae633/call-ldsc/inputs/-261044536/ieu-b-4817.vcf.gz \
--ref-ld-chr /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/ \
--out /data/igd/ieu-b-4817/ldsc.txt \
--w-ld-chr /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/ 

Beginning analysis at Wed Jan  5 05:33:44 2022
Reading summary statistics from /data/cromwell-executions/qc/42885d4b-fb0b-481a-9c31-7042290ae633/call-ldsc/inputs/-261044536/ieu-b-4817.vcf.gz ...
Read summary statistics for 8029585 SNPs.
Dropped 39100 SNPs with duplicated rs numbers.
Reading reference panel LD Score from /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/[1-22] ... (ldscore_fromlist)
Read reference panel LD Scores for 1290028 SNPs.
Removing partitioned LD Scores with zero variance.
Reading regression weight LD Score from /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/[1-22] ... (ldscore_fromlist)
Read regression weight LD Scores for 1290028 SNPs.
After merging with reference panel LD, 1202658 SNPs remain.
After merging with regression SNP LD, 1202658 SNPs remain.
Using two-step estimator with cutoff at 30.
Total Observed scale h2: 0.1079 (0.0145)
Lambda GC: 1.0921
Mean Chi^2: 1.1004
Intercept: 1.0195 (0.0063)
Ratio: 0.1944 (0.0632)
Analysis finished at Wed Jan  5 05:35:30 2022
Total time elapsed: 1.0m:46.13s

QC metrics

Metrics

Metrics

{
    "af_correlation": "NA",
    "inflation_factor": 1.0831,
    "mean_EFFECT": -0.0009,
    "n": 38434,
    "n_snps": 8029645,
    "n_clumped_hits": 4,
    "n_p_sig": 16,
    "n_mono": 0,
    "n_ns": 285806,
    "n_mac": 0,
    "is_snpid_unique": false,
    "n_miss_EFFECT": 0,
    "n_miss_SE": 0,
    "n_miss_PVAL": 0,
    "n_miss_AF": 8029645,
    "n_miss_AF_reference": 162500,
    "n_est": "NA",
    "ratio_se_n": "NA",
    "mean_diff": "NaN",
    "ratio_diff": "NaN",
    "sd_y_est1": "NaN",
    "sd_y_est2": "NA",
    "r2_sum1": 0,
    "r2_sum2": 0,
    "r2_sum3": 0,
    "r2_sum4": 0,
    "ldsc_nsnp_merge_refpanel_ld": 1202658,
    "ldsc_nsnp_merge_regression_ld": 1202658,
    "ldsc_observed_scale_h2_beta": 0.1079,
    "ldsc_observed_scale_h2_se": 0.0145,
    "ldsc_intercept_beta": 1.0195,
    "ldsc_intercept_se": 0.0063,
    "ldsc_lambda_gc": 1.0921,
    "ldsc_mean_chisq": 1.1004,
    "ldsc_ratio": 0.1942
}
 

Flags

name value
af_correlation NA
inflation_factor FALSE
n FALSE
is_snpid_non_unique TRUE
mean_EFFECT_nonfinite FALSE
mean_EFFECT_05 FALSE
mean_EFFECT_01 FALSE
mean_chisq FALSE
n_p_sig FALSE
miss_EFFECT FALSE
miss_SE FALSE
miss_PVAL FALSE
ldsc_ratio FALSE
ldsc_intercept_beta FALSE
n_clumped_hits FALSE
r2_sum1 FALSE
r2_sum2 FALSE
r2_sum3 FALSE
r2_sum4 FALSE

Definitions

General metrics

  • af_correlation: Correlation coefficient between AF and AF_reference.
  • inflation_factor (lambda): Genomic inflation factor.
  • mean_EFFECT: Mean of EFFECT size.
  • n: Maximum value of reported sample size across all SNPs, \(n\).
  • n_clumped_hits: Number of clumped hits.
  • n_snps: Number of SNPs
  • n_p_sig: Number of SNPs with pvalue below 5e-8.
  • n_mono: Number of monomorphic (MAF == 1 or MAF == 0) SNPs.
  • n_ns: Number of SNPs with nonsense values:
    • alleles other than A, C, G or T.
    • P-values < 0 or > 1.
    • negative or infinite standard errors (<= 0 or = Infinity).
    • infinite beta estimates or allele frequencies < 0 or > 1.
  • n_mac: Number of cases where MAC (\(2 \times N \times MAF\)) is less than 6.
  • is_snpid_unique: true if the combination of ID REF ALT is unique and therefore no duplication in snpid.
  • n_miss_<*>: Number of NA observations for <*> column.

se_n metrics

  • n_est: Estimated sample size value, \(\widehat{n}\).
  • ratio_se_n: \(\texttt{ratio_se_n} = \frac{\sqrt{\widehat{n}}}{\sqrt{n}}\). We expect ratio_se_n to be 1. When it is not 1, it implies that the trait did not have a variance of 1, the reported sample size is wrong, or that the SNP-level effective sample sizes differ markedly from the reported sample size.
  • mean_diff: \(\texttt{mean_diff} = \sum_{j} \frac{\widehat{\beta_j^{std}} - \beta_j}{\texttt{n_snps}}\), mean difference between the standardised beta, predicted from P-values, and the observed beta. The difference should be very close to zero if trait has a variance of 1.
    • \(\widehat{\beta_j^{std}} = \sqrt{\frac{{z}_j^2 / ({z}_j^2 + n -2)}{2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}} \times sign({z}_j)\),
    • \({z}_j = \frac{\beta_j}{{se}_j}\),
    • and \(\beta_j\) is the reported effect size.
  • ratio_diff: \(\texttt{ratio_diff} = |\frac{\texttt{mean_diff}}{\texttt{mean_diff2}}|\), absolute ratio between the mean of diff and the mean of diff2 (expected difference between the standardised beta predicted from P-values, and the standardised beta derived from the observed beta divided by the predicted SD; NOT reported). The ratio should be close to 1. If different from 1, then implies that the betas are not in a standard deviation scale.
    • \(\texttt{mean_diff2} = \sum_{j} \frac{\widehat{\beta_j^{std}} - \beta^{\prime}_j}{\texttt{n_snps}}\)
    • \(\beta^{\prime}_j = \frac{\beta_j}{\widehat{\texttt{sd2}}_{y}}\)
  • sd_y_est1: The standard deviation for the trait inferred from the reported sample size, median standard errors for the SNP-trait assocations and SNP variances.
    • \(\widehat{\texttt{sd1}}_{y} = \frac{\sqrt{n} \times median({se}_j)}{C}\),
    • \(C = median(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}})\),
    • and \({se}_j\) is the reported standard error.
  • sd_y_est2: The standard deviation for the trait inferred from the reported sample size, Z statistics for the SNP-trait effects (beta/se) and allele frequency.
    • \(\widehat{\texttt{sd2}}_{y} = median(\widehat{sd_j})\),
    • \(\widehat{sd_j} = \frac{\beta_j}{\widehat{\beta_j^{std}}}\),

r2 metrics

Sum of variance explained, calculated from the clumped top hits sample.

  • r2_sum<*>: r2 statistics under various assumptions
    • 1: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{2 \times \beta_j^2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}{\texttt{var1}}}\), \(\texttt{var1} = 1\).
    • 2: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{2 \times \beta_j^2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}{\texttt{var2}}}\), \(\texttt{var2} = {\widehat{\texttt{sd1}}_{y}}^2\),
    • 3: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{2 \times \beta_j^2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}{\texttt{var3}}}\), \(\texttt{var3} = {\widehat{\texttt{sd2}}_{y}}^2\),
    • 4: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{F_j}{F_j + n - 2}}\), \(F = \frac{\beta_j^2}{{se}_j^2}\).

LDSC metrics

Metrics from LD regression

  • ldsc_nsnp_merge_refpanel_ld: Number of remaining SNPs after merging with reference panel LD.
  • ldsc_nsnp_merge_regression_ld: Number of remaining SNPs after merging with regression SNP LD.
  • ldsc_observed_scale_h2_{beta,se} Coefficient value and SE for total observed scale h2.
  • ldsc_intercept_{beta,se}: Coefficient value and SE for intercept. Intercept is expected to be 1.
  • ldsc_lambda_gc: Lambda GC statistics.
  • ldsc_mean_chisq: Mean \(\chi^2\) statistics.
  • ldsc_ratio: \(\frac{\texttt{ldsc_intercept_beta} - 1}{\texttt{ldsc_mean_chisq} - 1}\), the proportion of the inflation in the mean \(\chi^2\) that the LD Score regression intercepts ascribes to causes other than polygenic heritability. The value of ratio should be close to zero, though in practice values of 0.1-0.2 are not uncommon, probably due to sample/reference LD Score mismatch or model misspecification (e.g., low LD variants have slightly higher \(h^2\) per SNP).

Flags

When a metric needs attention, the flag should return TRUE.

  • af_correlation: abs(af_correlation) < 0.7.
  • inflation_factor: inflation_factor > 1.2.
  • n: n (max reported sample size) < 10000.
  • is_snpid_non_unique: NOT is_snpid_unique.
  • mean_EFFECT_nonfinite: mean(EFFECT) is NA, NaN, or Inf.
  • mean_EFFECT_05: abs(mean(EFFECT)) > 0.5.
  • mean_EFFECT_01: abs(mean(EFFECT)) > 0.1.
  • mean_chisq: ldsc_mean_chisq > 1.3 or ldsc_mean_chisq < 0.7.
  • n_p_sig: n_p_sig > 1000.
  • miss_<*>: n_miss_<*> / n_snps > 0.01.
  • ldsc_ratio: ldsc_ratio > 0.5
  • ldsc_intercept_beta: ldsc_intercept_beta > 1.5
  • n_clumped_hits: n_clumped_hits > 1000
  • r2_sum<*>: r2_sum<*> > 0.5

Plots

  • Manhattan plot
    • Red line: \(-log_{10}^{5 \times 10^{-8}}\)
    • Blue line: \(-log_{10}^{5 \times 10^{-5}}\)
  • QQ plot
  • AF plot
  • P-Z plot
  • beta_std plot: Scatter plot between \(\widehat{\beta_j^{std}}\) and \(\beta_j\)

Diagnostics

Details

Summary stats

skim_type skim_variable n_missing complete_rate character.min character.max character.empty character.n_unique character.whitespace logical.mean logical.count numeric.mean numeric.sd numeric.p0 numeric.p25 numeric.p50 numeric.p75 numeric.p100 numeric.hist
character ID 16 0.9999980 3 58 0 8029515 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
character REF 0 1.0000000 1 43 0 16662 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
character ALT 0 1.0000000 1 44 0 6027 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
logical AF 8029645 0.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NaN : NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
numeric CHROM 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.642174e+00 5.752157e+00 1.000e+00 4.000000e+00 8.000000e+00 1.300000e+01 2.200000e+01 ▇▅▅▂▂
numeric POS 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 7.886231e+07 5.635232e+07 3.020e+02 3.246903e+07 6.943490e+07 1.146235e+08 2.492223e+08 ▇▆▅▂▁
numeric EFFECT 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -8.639000e-04 2.931143e-01 -2.939e+00 -1.426000e-01 -1.000000e-04 1.424000e-01 3.119900e+00 ▁▁▇▁▁
numeric SE 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.480222e-01 1.427660e-01 1.045e-01 1.398000e-01 1.858000e-01 3.178000e-01 9.213000e-01 ▇▂▁▁▁
numeric PVAL 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.872821e-01 2.916827e-01 0.000e+00 2.320999e-01 4.826997e-01 7.394997e-01 1.000000e+00 ▇▇▇▇▇
numeric PVAL_ztest 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.872822e-01 2.916828e-01 0.000e+00 2.321496e-01 4.826483e-01 7.394905e-01 1.000000e+00 ▇▇▇▇▇
numeric AF_reference 162500 0.9797625 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.622305e-01 2.522768e-01 1.997e-04 5.471250e-02 1.757190e-01 4.097440e-01 1.000000e+00 ▇▃▂▁▁
numeric N 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.575314e+04 4.093965e+03 2.171e+04 3.605700e+04 3.724500e+04 3.827800e+04 3.843400e+04 ▁▁▁▁▇

Head and tail

CHROM POS ID REF ALT EFFECT SE PVAL PVAL_ztest AF AF_reference N
1 768448 rs12562034 G A 0.3466 0.2660 0.1927001 0.1925722 NA 0.1918930 22497
1 777232 rs112618790 C T 0.2851 0.2815 0.3112003 0.3111611 NA 0.0668930 22497
1 791853 rs6684487 G A 0.1455 0.2786 0.6015005 0.6014934 NA 0.0762780 22497
1 794332 rs12127425 G A 0.0934 0.3082 0.7619000 0.7618518 NA 0.1162140 21710
1 795222 rs12131377 C G 0.1295 0.3035 0.6696995 0.6696061 NA 0.0696885 21996
1 796100 rs12132398 C T 0.1208 0.3041 0.6912004 0.6911921 NA 0.0856629 21996
1 797281 rs76631953 G C 0.0471 0.3065 0.8778000 0.8778696 NA 0.0656949 21996
1 797325 rs111739932 T C 0.1120 0.3048 0.7132996 0.7132803 NA 0.0680911 21996
1 797440 rs58013264 T C -0.2263 0.2168 0.2963999 0.2965691 NA 0.1894970 31443
1 798026 rs4951864 C T -0.1410 0.2964 0.6343004 0.6342821 NA 0.8941690 22275
CHROM POS ID REF ALT EFFECT SE PVAL PVAL_ztest AF AF_reference N
22 51195550 rs148968329 C A 0.2542 0.3373 0.4510005 0.4510704 NA 0.0391374 21996
22 51196164 rs8136603 A T -0.1305 0.3502 0.7093001 0.7094133 NA 0.1427720 21710
22 51196296 rs9616961 G C 0.2453 0.3383 0.4684001 0.4683931 NA 0.0395367 21996
22 51197576 rs147713773 G C 0.2742 0.3401 0.4201003 0.4201082 NA 0.0471246 21996
22 51197602 rs187225588 T A 0.0112 0.3527 0.9747001 0.9746674 NA 0.0175719 21710
22 51198569 rs142671391 G C -0.2716 0.4137 0.5115004 0.5114932 NA 0.1110220 21710
22 51198906 rs6010079 G A 0.1636 0.3402 0.6306000 0.6305921 NA 0.0421326 21996
22 51202748 rs9616963 A G 0.1804 0.3409 0.5966999 0.5966754 NA 0.0391374 21996
22 51208568 rs148425445 G T -0.1851 0.3521 0.5990996 0.5990946 NA 0.1160140 21710
22 51222100 rs114553188 G T -0.3197 0.4266 0.4536000 0.4536077 NA 0.0880591 21710

bcf preview

1   768448  rs12562034  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.3466:0.266:0.715118:22497:rs12562034
1   777232  rs112618790 C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.2851:0.2815:0.50696:22497:rs112618790
1   791853  rs6684487   G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1455:0.2786:0.220764:22497:rs6684487
1   794332  rs12127425  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0934:0.3082:0.118102:21710:rs12127425
1   795222  rs12131377  C   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1295:0.3035:0.17412:21996:rs12131377
1   796100  rs12132398  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1208:0.3041:0.160396:21996:rs12132398
1   797281  rs1347695410    G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0471:0.3065:0.0566044:21996:rs1347695410
1   797325  rs1338750774    T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.112:0.3048:0.146728:21996:rs1338750774
1   797440  rs58013264  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.2263:0.2168:0.528122:31443:rs58013264
1   798026  rs4951864   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.141:0.2964:0.197705:22275:rs4951864
1   798400  rs10900604  A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.1197:0.1773:0.301291:31971:rs10900604
1   798801  rs12132517  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0737:0.3031:0.0926424:21996:rs12132517
1   798959  rs11240777  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.1297:0.177:0.333763:31971:rs11240777
1   799499  rs147634896 T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0006:0.3046:0.000651931:21996:rs147634896
1   800383  rs4951931   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0513:0.301:0.063235:22218:rs4951931
1   801467  rs61768212  G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.2159:0.2186:0.490529:31164:rs61768212
1   801661  rs12132974  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0993:0.3124:0.124534:21710:rs12132974
1   801680  rs12134490  A   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0941:0.3125:0.117305:21710:rs12134490
1   801858  rs17276806  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0471:0.313:0.05532:21710:rs17276806
1   801943  rs7516866   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.088:0.3039:0.112383:22218:rs7516866
1   802856  rs139867617 C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0072:0.3136:0.00806545:21710:rs139867617
1   804759  rs7526310   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.2403:0.2186:0.56623:31164:rs7526310
1   808223  rs1557576983    G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1719:0.1948:0.422968:25385:rs1557576983
1   808631  rs11240779  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0741:0.1716:0.176461:31729:rs11240779
1   808928  rs1247187939    C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0629:0.1715:0.146423:31729:rs1247187939
1   833223  rs13303211  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1879:0.2:0.459295:22275:rs13303211
1   833302  rs28752186  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1881:0.1999:0.460046:22275:rs28752186
1   833641  rs28594623  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1794:0.1998:0.432738:22275:rs28594623
1   833824  rs28484835  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1894:0.1997:0.464833:22275:rs28484835
1   833927  rs28593608  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1228:0.201:0.266642:22275:rs28593608
1   834056  rs28482280  A   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.8283:0.5989:0.778064:21710:rs28482280
1   834198  rs28385272  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1305:0.2008:0.287519:22275:rs28385272
1   834832  rs796468152 G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.2011:0.1993:0.504594:22275:rs796468152
1   834928  rs4422949   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1162:0.201:0.24926:22275:rs4422949
1   834956  rs7518581   G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.8967:0.5987:0.872247:21710:rs7518581
1   834999  rs28570054  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.111:0.2006:0.236572:22275:rs28570054
1   835092  rs72631887  T   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0083:0.5675:0.00506726:21710:rs72631887
1   835499  rs4422948   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.2854:0.1982:0.824488:22275:rs4422948
1   836529  rs1192410597    C   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0732:0.1982:0.147764:22497:rs1192410597
1   836684  rs74460547  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.6177:0.6606:0.45618:21710:rs74460547
1   836896  rs28705752  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1247:0.1862:0.298518:22275:rs28705752
1   836924  rs72890788  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0728:0.1982:0.146606:22497:rs72890788
1   837192  rs57494724  A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.5056:0.3673:0.773142:21710:rs57494724
1   837657  rs149737509 G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.4076:0.5706:0.323306:21710:rs149737509
1   838387  rs4970384   T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0291:0.1973:0.0541377:22497:rs4970384
1   838555  rs4970383   C   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0525:0.184:0.11053:22275:rs4970383
1   838665  rs28678693  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  1.0216:0.598:1.0575:21710:rs28678693
1   838732  rs952157075 G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  1.007:0.6:1.03026:21710:rs952157075
1   838890  rs28437697  A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  1.0064:0.5985:1.03325:21710:rs28437697
1   838916  rs28539852  A   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  1.0089:0.5999:1.03339:21710:rs28539852