Summary

Summary {data-width=650}

Manhattan plot

manhattan_plot

QQ plot

qq_plot

AF plot

af_plot

P-Z plot

pz_plot

beta_std plot

beta_std_plot

Metadata

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}
 

LDSC

*********************************************************************
* LD Score Regression (LDSC)
* Version 1.0.1
* (C) 2014-2019 Brendan Bulik-Sullivan and Hilary Finucane
* Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard / MIT Department of Mathematics
* GNU General Public License v3
*********************************************************************
Call: 
./ldsc.py \
--h2 /data/cromwell-executions/qc/51a64c3c-5964-4208-aa59-3ff3e1b7729f/call-ldsc/inputs/-261044537/ieu-b-4816.vcf.gz \
--ref-ld-chr /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/ \
--out /data/igd/ieu-b-4816/ldsc.txt \
--w-ld-chr /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/ 

Beginning analysis at Wed Jan  5 04:59:14 2022
Reading summary statistics from /data/cromwell-executions/qc/51a64c3c-5964-4208-aa59-3ff3e1b7729f/call-ldsc/inputs/-261044537/ieu-b-4816.vcf.gz ...
Read summary statistics for 7191573 SNPs.
Dropped 19717 SNPs with duplicated rs numbers.
Reading reference panel LD Score from /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/[1-22] ... (ldscore_fromlist)
Read reference panel LD Scores for 1290028 SNPs.
Removing partitioned LD Scores with zero variance.
Reading regression weight LD Score from /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/[1-22] ... (ldscore_fromlist)
Read regression weight LD Scores for 1290028 SNPs.
After merging with reference panel LD, 1199274 SNPs remain.
After merging with regression SNP LD, 1199274 SNPs remain.
Using two-step estimator with cutoff at 30.
Total Observed scale h2: 0.2122 (0.0103)
Lambda GC: 1.4805
Mean Chi^2: 1.5755
Intercept: 1.1218 (0.0088)
Ratio: 0.2117 (0.0152)
Analysis finished at Wed Jan  5 05:00:50 2022
Total time elapsed: 1.0m:36.49s

QC metrics

Metrics

Metrics

{
    "af_correlation": "NA",
    "inflation_factor": 1.44,
    "mean_EFFECT": -0.0021,
    "n": 112744,
    "n_snps": 7191598,
    "n_clumped_hits": 42,
    "n_p_sig": 2353,
    "n_mono": 0,
    "n_ns": 0,
    "n_mac": 0,
    "is_snpid_unique": false,
    "n_miss_EFFECT": 0,
    "n_miss_SE": 0,
    "n_miss_PVAL": 0,
    "n_miss_AF": 7191598,
    "n_miss_AF_reference": 46780,
    "n_est": "NA",
    "ratio_se_n": "NA",
    "mean_diff": "NaN",
    "ratio_diff": "NaN",
    "sd_y_est1": "NaN",
    "sd_y_est2": "NA",
    "r2_sum1": 0,
    "r2_sum2": 0,
    "r2_sum3": 0,
    "r2_sum4": 0,
    "ldsc_nsnp_merge_refpanel_ld": 1199274,
    "ldsc_nsnp_merge_regression_ld": 1199274,
    "ldsc_observed_scale_h2_beta": 0.2122,
    "ldsc_observed_scale_h2_se": 0.0103,
    "ldsc_intercept_beta": 1.1218,
    "ldsc_intercept_se": 0.0088,
    "ldsc_lambda_gc": 1.4805,
    "ldsc_mean_chisq": 1.5755,
    "ldsc_ratio": 0.2116
}
 

Flags

name value
af_correlation NA
inflation_factor TRUE
n FALSE
is_snpid_non_unique TRUE
mean_EFFECT_nonfinite FALSE
mean_EFFECT_05 FALSE
mean_EFFECT_01 FALSE
mean_chisq TRUE
n_p_sig TRUE
miss_EFFECT FALSE
miss_SE FALSE
miss_PVAL FALSE
ldsc_ratio FALSE
ldsc_intercept_beta FALSE
n_clumped_hits FALSE
r2_sum1 FALSE
r2_sum2 FALSE
r2_sum3 FALSE
r2_sum4 FALSE

Definitions

General metrics

  • af_correlation: Correlation coefficient between AF and AF_reference.
  • inflation_factor (lambda): Genomic inflation factor.
  • mean_EFFECT: Mean of EFFECT size.
  • n: Maximum value of reported sample size across all SNPs, \(n\).
  • n_clumped_hits: Number of clumped hits.
  • n_snps: Number of SNPs
  • n_p_sig: Number of SNPs with pvalue below 5e-8.
  • n_mono: Number of monomorphic (MAF == 1 or MAF == 0) SNPs.
  • n_ns: Number of SNPs with nonsense values:
    • alleles other than A, C, G or T.
    • P-values < 0 or > 1.
    • negative or infinite standard errors (<= 0 or = Infinity).
    • infinite beta estimates or allele frequencies < 0 or > 1.
  • n_mac: Number of cases where MAC (\(2 \times N \times MAF\)) is less than 6.
  • is_snpid_unique: true if the combination of ID REF ALT is unique and therefore no duplication in snpid.
  • n_miss_<*>: Number of NA observations for <*> column.

se_n metrics

  • n_est: Estimated sample size value, \(\widehat{n}\).
  • ratio_se_n: \(\texttt{ratio_se_n} = \frac{\sqrt{\widehat{n}}}{\sqrt{n}}\). We expect ratio_se_n to be 1. When it is not 1, it implies that the trait did not have a variance of 1, the reported sample size is wrong, or that the SNP-level effective sample sizes differ markedly from the reported sample size.
  • mean_diff: \(\texttt{mean_diff} = \sum_{j} \frac{\widehat{\beta_j^{std}} - \beta_j}{\texttt{n_snps}}\), mean difference between the standardised beta, predicted from P-values, and the observed beta. The difference should be very close to zero if trait has a variance of 1.
    • \(\widehat{\beta_j^{std}} = \sqrt{\frac{{z}_j^2 / ({z}_j^2 + n -2)}{2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}} \times sign({z}_j)\),
    • \({z}_j = \frac{\beta_j}{{se}_j}\),
    • and \(\beta_j\) is the reported effect size.
  • ratio_diff: \(\texttt{ratio_diff} = |\frac{\texttt{mean_diff}}{\texttt{mean_diff2}}|\), absolute ratio between the mean of diff and the mean of diff2 (expected difference between the standardised beta predicted from P-values, and the standardised beta derived from the observed beta divided by the predicted SD; NOT reported). The ratio should be close to 1. If different from 1, then implies that the betas are not in a standard deviation scale.
    • \(\texttt{mean_diff2} = \sum_{j} \frac{\widehat{\beta_j^{std}} - \beta^{\prime}_j}{\texttt{n_snps}}\)
    • \(\beta^{\prime}_j = \frac{\beta_j}{\widehat{\texttt{sd2}}_{y}}\)
  • sd_y_est1: The standard deviation for the trait inferred from the reported sample size, median standard errors for the SNP-trait assocations and SNP variances.
    • \(\widehat{\texttt{sd1}}_{y} = \frac{\sqrt{n} \times median({se}_j)}{C}\),
    • \(C = median(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}})\),
    • and \({se}_j\) is the reported standard error.
  • sd_y_est2: The standard deviation for the trait inferred from the reported sample size, Z statistics for the SNP-trait effects (beta/se) and allele frequency.
    • \(\widehat{\texttt{sd2}}_{y} = median(\widehat{sd_j})\),
    • \(\widehat{sd_j} = \frac{\beta_j}{\widehat{\beta_j^{std}}}\),

r2 metrics

Sum of variance explained, calculated from the clumped top hits sample.

  • r2_sum<*>: r2 statistics under various assumptions
    • 1: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{2 \times \beta_j^2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}{\texttt{var1}}}\), \(\texttt{var1} = 1\).
    • 2: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{2 \times \beta_j^2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}{\texttt{var2}}}\), \(\texttt{var2} = {\widehat{\texttt{sd1}}_{y}}^2\),
    • 3: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{2 \times \beta_j^2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}{\texttt{var3}}}\), \(\texttt{var3} = {\widehat{\texttt{sd2}}_{y}}^2\),
    • 4: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{F_j}{F_j + n - 2}}\), \(F = \frac{\beta_j^2}{{se}_j^2}\).

LDSC metrics

Metrics from LD regression

  • ldsc_nsnp_merge_refpanel_ld: Number of remaining SNPs after merging with reference panel LD.
  • ldsc_nsnp_merge_regression_ld: Number of remaining SNPs after merging with regression SNP LD.
  • ldsc_observed_scale_h2_{beta,se} Coefficient value and SE for total observed scale h2.
  • ldsc_intercept_{beta,se}: Coefficient value and SE for intercept. Intercept is expected to be 1.
  • ldsc_lambda_gc: Lambda GC statistics.
  • ldsc_mean_chisq: Mean \(\chi^2\) statistics.
  • ldsc_ratio: \(\frac{\texttt{ldsc_intercept_beta} - 1}{\texttt{ldsc_mean_chisq} - 1}\), the proportion of the inflation in the mean \(\chi^2\) that the LD Score regression intercepts ascribes to causes other than polygenic heritability. The value of ratio should be close to zero, though in practice values of 0.1-0.2 are not uncommon, probably due to sample/reference LD Score mismatch or model misspecification (e.g., low LD variants have slightly higher \(h^2\) per SNP).

Flags

When a metric needs attention, the flag should return TRUE.

  • af_correlation: abs(af_correlation) < 0.7.
  • inflation_factor: inflation_factor > 1.2.
  • n: n (max reported sample size) < 10000.
  • is_snpid_non_unique: NOT is_snpid_unique.
  • mean_EFFECT_nonfinite: mean(EFFECT) is NA, NaN, or Inf.
  • mean_EFFECT_05: abs(mean(EFFECT)) > 0.5.
  • mean_EFFECT_01: abs(mean(EFFECT)) > 0.1.
  • mean_chisq: ldsc_mean_chisq > 1.3 or ldsc_mean_chisq < 0.7.
  • n_p_sig: n_p_sig > 1000.
  • miss_<*>: n_miss_<*> / n_snps > 0.01.
  • ldsc_ratio: ldsc_ratio > 0.5
  • ldsc_intercept_beta: ldsc_intercept_beta > 1.5
  • n_clumped_hits: n_clumped_hits > 1000
  • r2_sum<*>: r2_sum<*> > 0.5

Plots

  • Manhattan plot
    • Red line: \(-log_{10}^{5 \times 10^{-8}}\)
    • Blue line: \(-log_{10}^{5 \times 10^{-5}}\)
  • QQ plot
  • AF plot
  • P-Z plot
  • beta_std plot: Scatter plot between \(\widehat{\beta_j^{std}}\) and \(\beta_j\)

Diagnostics

Details

Summary stats

skim_type skim_variable n_missing complete_rate character.min character.max character.empty character.n_unique character.whitespace logical.mean logical.count numeric.mean numeric.sd numeric.p0 numeric.p25 numeric.p50 numeric.p75 numeric.p100 numeric.hist
character ID 8 0.9999989 3 58 0 7191573 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
character REF 0 1.0000000 1 1 0 4 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
character ALT 0 1.0000000 1 1 0 4 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
logical AF 7191598 0.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NaN : NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
numeric CHROM 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.631819e+00 5.745131e+00 1.0000e+00 4.000000e+00 8.000000e+00 1.300000e+01 2.200000e+01 ▇▅▅▂▂
numeric POS 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 7.892427e+07 5.636321e+07 8.2800e+02 3.248775e+07 6.955367e+07 1.147668e+08 2.492223e+08 ▇▆▅▂▁
numeric EFFECT 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -2.098800e-03 4.847230e-02 -4.6150e-01 -2.600000e-02 -1.400000e-03 2.280000e-02 4.532000e-01 ▁▁▇▁▁
numeric SE 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.639290e-02 2.126320e-02 1.7800e-02 2.060000e-02 2.690000e-02 4.510000e-02 1.329000e-01 ▇▂▁▁▁
numeric PVAL 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.417597e-01 3.023377e-01 0.0000e+00 1.663999e-01 4.183001e-01 7.028004e-01 1.000000e+00 ▇▆▅▅▅
numeric PVAL_ztest 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.417600e-01 3.023394e-01 0.0000e+00 1.663803e-01 4.183266e-01 7.027392e-01 1.000000e+00 ▇▆▅▅▅
numeric AF_reference 46780 0.9934952 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.661372e-01 2.522957e-01 1.9970e-04 5.930510e-02 1.805110e-01 4.143370e-01 1.000000e+00 ▇▃▂▁▁
numeric N 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.038475e+05 1.047258e+04 6.7656e+04 1.001730e+05 1.081460e+05 1.121830e+05 1.127440e+05 ▁▁▁▂▇

Head and tail

CHROM POS ID REF ALT EFFECT SE PVAL PVAL_ztest AF AF_reference N
1 768448 rs12562034 G A -0.0153 0.0405 0.7048002 0.7055957 NA 0.1918930 69965
1 777232 rs112618790 C T -0.0068 0.0425 0.8723001 0.8728811 NA 0.0668930 69965
1 791853 rs6684487 G A -0.0139 0.0426 0.7437997 0.7442041 NA 0.0762780 69965
1 794332 rs12127425 G A -0.0272 0.0466 0.5586001 0.5594282 NA 0.1162140 68637
1 796100 rs12132398 C T -0.0233 0.0464 0.6160004 0.6155584 NA 0.0856629 68637
1 797281 rs76631953 G C -0.0275 0.0465 0.5540003 0.5542539 NA 0.0656949 68637
1 797325 rs111739932 T C -0.0269 0.0463 0.5613995 0.5612448 NA 0.0680911 68637
1 797440 rs58013264 T C 0.0138 0.0311 0.6560002 0.6572379 NA 0.1894970 85735
1 798026 rs4951864 C T 0.0216 0.0456 0.6348001 0.6357251 NA 0.8941690 68687
1 798400 rs10900604 A G 0.0024 0.0252 0.9245000 0.9241257 NA 0.4105430 88327
CHROM POS ID REF ALT EFFECT SE PVAL PVAL_ztest AF AF_reference N
22 51196164 rs8136603 A T 0.0508 0.0508 0.3175002 0.3173105 NA 0.1427720 76575
22 51196296 rs9616961 G C -0.0245 0.0465 0.5981994 0.5982757 NA 0.0395367 73099
22 51197576 rs147713773 G C -0.0214 0.0467 0.6461004 0.6467771 NA 0.0471246 73099
22 51197602 rs187225588 T A 0.0480 0.0501 0.3375002 0.3380205 NA 0.0175719 78903
22 51198569 rs142671391 G C 0.0710 0.0535 0.1849000 0.1844747 NA 0.1110220 76575
22 51198906 rs6010079 G A -0.0245 0.0468 0.5999997 0.6006234 NA 0.0421326 73099
22 51202748 rs9616963 A G -0.0202 0.0466 0.6640993 0.6646687 NA 0.0391374 73099
22 51208568 rs148425445 G T 0.0439 0.0496 0.3760997 0.3761131 NA 0.1160140 78903
22 51216564 rs9616970 T C -0.0010 0.0352 0.9763000 0.9773359 NA 0.1563500 69441
22 51222100 rs114553188 G T 0.0326 0.0509 0.5217999 0.5218661 NA 0.0880591 78903

bcf preview

1   768448  rs12562034  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0153:0.0405:0.151934:69965:rs12562034
1   777232  rs112618790 C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0068:0.0425:0.0593341:69965:rs112618790
1   791853  rs6684487   G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0139:0.0426:0.128544:69965:rs6684487
1   794332  rs12127425  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0272:0.0466:0.252899:68637:rs12127425
1   796100  rs12132398  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0233:0.0464:0.210419:68637:rs12132398
1   797281  rs1347695410    G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0275:0.0465:0.25649:68637:rs1347695410
1   797325  rs1338750774    T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0269:0.0463:0.250728:68637:rs1338750774
1   797440  rs58013264  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0138:0.0311:0.183096:85735:rs58013264
1   798026  rs4951864   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0216:0.0456:0.197363:68687:rs4951864
1   798400  rs10900604  A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0024:0.0252:0.0340931:88327:rs10900604
1   798801  rs12132517  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0214:0.0463:0.191857:68637:rs12132517
1   798959  rs11240777  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0009:0.0245:0.0126019:92072:rs11240777
1   799499  rs147634896 T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0213:0.0465:0.189096:68637:rs147634896
1   800383  rs4951931   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0162:0.0455:0.141282:69354:rs4951931
1   801467  rs61768212  G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0116:0.031:0.149599:85124:rs61768212
1   801661  rs12132974  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0256:0.0467:0.234182:68637:rs12132974
1   801680  rs12134490  A   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0258:0.0467:0.235824:68637:rs12134490
1   801858  rs17276806  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0241:0.0467:0.217456:68637:rs17276806
1   802856  rs139867617 C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0205:0.0467:0.179536:68637:rs139867617
1   804759  rs7526310   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.009:0.0311:0.112214:85124:rs7526310
1   808631  rs11240779  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0117:0.0245:0.198185:86452:rs11240779
1   808928  rs1247187939    C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0127:0.0245:0.219395:86452:rs1247187939
1   833223  rs13303211  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0362:0.03:0.640734:69965:rs13303211
1   833302  rs28752186  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0372:0.03:0.667158:69965:rs28752186
1   833824  rs28484835  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0372:0.03:0.667764:69965:rs28484835
1   833927  rs28593608  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0363:0.0309:0.620151:70526:rs28593608
1   834198  rs28385272  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0368:0.0309:0.629857:70526:rs28385272
1   834832  rs796468152 G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0365:0.03:0.650917:69965:rs796468152
1   834928  rs4422949   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0375:0.0309:0.64859:70526:rs4422949
1   834999  rs28570054  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0355:0.0309:0.60206:70526:rs28570054
1   835499  rs4422948   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0336:0.0299:0.583692:69965:rs4422948
1   836529  rs1192410597    C   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0393:0.031:0.686133:69965:rs1192410597
1   836896  rs28705752  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0328:0.0284:0.605023:70526:rs28705752
1   836924  rs72890788  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0409:0.0309:0.733298:70526:rs72890788
1   838387  rs4970384   T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0399:0.0308:0.708631:70526:rs4970384
1   838555  rs4970383   C   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.038:0.0291:0.717605:70526:rs4970383
1   839103  rs28562941  A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0303:0.0285:0.542724:70526:rs28562941
1   841085  rs1264290483    C   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0348:0.0297:0.616903:69965:rs1264290483
1   842013  rs1191510089    T   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0438:0.0309:0.806875:70526:rs1191510089
1   845635  rs117086422 C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0022:0.0248:0.0311436:99733:rs117086422
1   845938  rs57760052  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0038:0.0246:0.0567034:99733:rs57760052
1   846078  rs778265812 C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0097:0.0254:0.152798:99733:rs778265812
1   846398  rs58781670  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0031:0.025:0.0455645:99733:rs58781670
1   846465  rs60454217  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0893:0.0802:0.575445:90493:rs60454217
1   846543  rs79396034  G   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.1238:0.0851:0.837436:81346:rs79396034
1   846808  rs4475691   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0073:0.0253:0.11227:99733:rs4475691
1   846864  rs1269142199    G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0116:0.0255:0.187688:99172:rs1269142199
1   847228  rs3905286   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0042:0.025:0.0616805:99733:rs3905286
1   847491  rs1158719307    G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0073:0.0246:0.114978:99733:rs1158719307
1   848090  rs4246505   G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0095:0.0247:0.15515:99733:rs4246505