Summary

Summary {data-width=650}

Manhattan plot

manhattan_plot

QQ plot

qq_plot

AF plot

af_plot

P-Z plot

pz_plot

beta_std plot

beta_std_plot

Metadata

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}
 

LDSC

*********************************************************************
* LD Score Regression (LDSC)
* Version 1.0.1
* (C) 2014-2019 Brendan Bulik-Sullivan and Hilary Finucane
* Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard / MIT Department of Mathematics
* GNU General Public License v3
*********************************************************************
Call: 
./ldsc.py \
--h2 /data/cromwell-executions/qc/efb29432-0f02-45ca-b379-e39832784245/call-ldsc/inputs/-261045345/ieu-b-4764.vcf.gz \
--ref-ld-chr /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/ \
--out /data/igd/ieu-b-4764/ldsc.txt \
--w-ld-chr /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/ 

Beginning analysis at Thu Nov 25 08:19:26 2021
Reading summary statistics from /data/cromwell-executions/qc/efb29432-0f02-45ca-b379-e39832784245/call-ldsc/inputs/-261045345/ieu-b-4764.vcf.gz ...
Read summary statistics for 8036486 SNPs.
Dropped 39424 SNPs with duplicated rs numbers.
Reading reference panel LD Score from /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/[1-22] ... (ldscore_fromlist)
Read reference panel LD Scores for 1290028 SNPs.
Removing partitioned LD Scores with zero variance.
Reading regression weight LD Score from /data/ref/eur_w_ld_chr/[1-22] ... (ldscore_fromlist)
Read regression weight LD Scores for 1290028 SNPs.
After merging with reference panel LD, 1204384 SNPs remain.
After merging with regression SNP LD, 1204384 SNPs remain.
Using two-step estimator with cutoff at 30.
Total Observed scale h2: 0.059 (0.0146)
Lambda GC: 1.1319
Mean Chi^2: 1.1744
Intercept: 1.1013 (0.009)
Ratio: 0.5806 (0.0516)
Analysis finished at Thu Nov 25 08:21:20 2021
Total time elapsed: 1.0m:54.23s

QC metrics

Metrics

Metrics

{
    "af_correlation": "NA",
    "inflation_factor": 1.1391,
    "mean_EFFECT": -0.0011,
    "n": 61308,
    "n_snps": 8036590,
    "n_clumped_hits": 38,
    "n_p_sig": 1637,
    "n_mono": 0,
    "n_ns": 285308,
    "n_mac": 0,
    "is_snpid_unique": false,
    "n_miss_EFFECT": 0,
    "n_miss_SE": 0,
    "n_miss_PVAL": 0,
    "n_miss_AF": 8036590,
    "n_miss_AF_reference": 171044,
    "n_est": "NA",
    "ratio_se_n": "NA",
    "mean_diff": "NaN",
    "ratio_diff": "NaN",
    "sd_y_est1": "NaN",
    "sd_y_est2": "NA",
    "r2_sum1": 0,
    "r2_sum2": 0,
    "r2_sum3": 0,
    "r2_sum4": 0,
    "ldsc_nsnp_merge_refpanel_ld": 1204384,
    "ldsc_nsnp_merge_regression_ld": 1204384,
    "ldsc_observed_scale_h2_beta": 0.059,
    "ldsc_observed_scale_h2_se": 0.0146,
    "ldsc_intercept_beta": 1.1013,
    "ldsc_intercept_se": 0.009,
    "ldsc_lambda_gc": 1.1319,
    "ldsc_mean_chisq": 1.1744,
    "ldsc_ratio": 0.5808
}
 

Flags

name value
af_correlation NA
inflation_factor FALSE
n FALSE
is_snpid_non_unique TRUE
mean_EFFECT_nonfinite FALSE
mean_EFFECT_05 FALSE
mean_EFFECT_01 FALSE
mean_chisq FALSE
n_p_sig TRUE
miss_EFFECT FALSE
miss_SE FALSE
miss_PVAL FALSE
ldsc_ratio TRUE
ldsc_intercept_beta FALSE
n_clumped_hits FALSE
r2_sum1 FALSE
r2_sum2 FALSE
r2_sum3 FALSE
r2_sum4 FALSE

Definitions

General metrics

  • af_correlation: Correlation coefficient between AF and AF_reference.
  • inflation_factor (lambda): Genomic inflation factor.
  • mean_EFFECT: Mean of EFFECT size.
  • n: Maximum value of reported sample size across all SNPs, \(n\).
  • n_clumped_hits: Number of clumped hits.
  • n_snps: Number of SNPs
  • n_p_sig: Number of SNPs with pvalue below 5e-8.
  • n_mono: Number of monomorphic (MAF == 1 or MAF == 0) SNPs.
  • n_ns: Number of SNPs with nonsense values:
    • alleles other than A, C, G or T.
    • P-values < 0 or > 1.
    • negative or infinite standard errors (<= 0 or = Infinity).
    • infinite beta estimates or allele frequencies < 0 or > 1.
  • n_mac: Number of cases where MAC (\(2 \times N \times MAF\)) is less than 6.
  • is_snpid_unique: true if the combination of ID REF ALT is unique and therefore no duplication in snpid.
  • n_miss_<*>: Number of NA observations for <*> column.

se_n metrics

  • n_est: Estimated sample size value, \(\widehat{n}\).
  • ratio_se_n: \(\texttt{ratio_se_n} = \frac{\sqrt{\widehat{n}}}{\sqrt{n}}\). We expect ratio_se_n to be 1. When it is not 1, it implies that the trait did not have a variance of 1, the reported sample size is wrong, or that the SNP-level effective sample sizes differ markedly from the reported sample size.
  • mean_diff: \(\texttt{mean_diff} = \sum_{j} \frac{\widehat{\beta_j^{std}} - \beta_j}{\texttt{n_snps}}\), mean difference between the standardised beta, predicted from P-values, and the observed beta. The difference should be very close to zero if trait has a variance of 1.
    • \(\widehat{\beta_j^{std}} = \sqrt{\frac{{z}_j^2 / ({z}_j^2 + n -2)}{2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}} \times sign({z}_j)\),
    • \({z}_j = \frac{\beta_j}{{se}_j}\),
    • and \(\beta_j\) is the reported effect size.
  • ratio_diff: \(\texttt{ratio_diff} = |\frac{\texttt{mean_diff}}{\texttt{mean_diff2}}|\), absolute ratio between the mean of diff and the mean of diff2 (expected difference between the standardised beta predicted from P-values, and the standardised beta derived from the observed beta divided by the predicted SD; NOT reported). The ratio should be close to 1. If different from 1, then implies that the betas are not in a standard deviation scale.
    • \(\texttt{mean_diff2} = \sum_{j} \frac{\widehat{\beta_j^{std}} - \beta^{\prime}_j}{\texttt{n_snps}}\)
    • \(\beta^{\prime}_j = \frac{\beta_j}{\widehat{\texttt{sd2}}_{y}}\)
  • sd_y_est1: The standard deviation for the trait inferred from the reported sample size, median standard errors for the SNP-trait assocations and SNP variances.
    • \(\widehat{\texttt{sd1}}_{y} = \frac{\sqrt{n} \times median({se}_j)}{C}\),
    • \(C = median(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}})\),
    • and \({se}_j\) is the reported standard error.
  • sd_y_est2: The standard deviation for the trait inferred from the reported sample size, Z statistics for the SNP-trait effects (beta/se) and allele frequency.
    • \(\widehat{\texttt{sd2}}_{y} = median(\widehat{sd_j})\),
    • \(\widehat{sd_j} = \frac{\beta_j}{\widehat{\beta_j^{std}}}\),

r2 metrics

Sum of variance explained, calculated from the clumped top hits sample.

  • r2_sum<*>: r2 statistics under various assumptions
    • 1: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{2 \times \beta_j^2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}{\texttt{var1}}}\), \(\texttt{var1} = 1\).
    • 2: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{2 \times \beta_j^2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}{\texttt{var2}}}\), \(\texttt{var2} = {\widehat{\texttt{sd1}}_{y}}^2\),
    • 3: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{2 \times \beta_j^2 \times {MAF}_j \times (1 - {MAF}_j)}{\texttt{var3}}}\), \(\texttt{var3} = {\widehat{\texttt{sd2}}_{y}}^2\),
    • 4: \(r^2 = \sum_j{\frac{F_j}{F_j + n - 2}}\), \(F = \frac{\beta_j^2}{{se}_j^2}\).

LDSC metrics

Metrics from LD regression

  • ldsc_nsnp_merge_refpanel_ld: Number of remaining SNPs after merging with reference panel LD.
  • ldsc_nsnp_merge_regression_ld: Number of remaining SNPs after merging with regression SNP LD.
  • ldsc_observed_scale_h2_{beta,se} Coefficient value and SE for total observed scale h2.
  • ldsc_intercept_{beta,se}: Coefficient value and SE for intercept. Intercept is expected to be 1.
  • ldsc_lambda_gc: Lambda GC statistics.
  • ldsc_mean_chisq: Mean \(\chi^2\) statistics.
  • ldsc_ratio: \(\frac{\texttt{ldsc_intercept_beta} - 1}{\texttt{ldsc_mean_chisq} - 1}\), the proportion of the inflation in the mean \(\chi^2\) that the LD Score regression intercepts ascribes to causes other than polygenic heritability. The value of ratio should be close to zero, though in practice values of 0.1-0.2 are not uncommon, probably due to sample/reference LD Score mismatch or model misspecification (e.g., low LD variants have slightly higher \(h^2\) per SNP).

Flags

When a metric needs attention, the flag should return TRUE.

  • af_correlation: abs(af_correlation) < 0.7.
  • inflation_factor: inflation_factor > 1.2.
  • n: n (max reported sample size) < 10000.
  • is_snpid_non_unique: NOT is_snpid_unique.
  • mean_EFFECT_nonfinite: mean(EFFECT) is NA, NaN, or Inf.
  • mean_EFFECT_05: abs(mean(EFFECT)) > 0.5.
  • mean_EFFECT_01: abs(mean(EFFECT)) > 0.1.
  • mean_chisq: ldsc_mean_chisq > 1.3 or ldsc_mean_chisq < 0.7.
  • n_p_sig: n_p_sig > 1000.
  • miss_<*>: n_miss_<*> / n_snps > 0.01.
  • ldsc_ratio: ldsc_ratio > 0.5
  • ldsc_intercept_beta: ldsc_intercept_beta > 1.5
  • n_clumped_hits: n_clumped_hits > 1000
  • r2_sum<*>: r2_sum<*> > 0.5

Plots

  • Manhattan plot
    • Red line: \(-log_{10}^{5 \times 10^{-8}}\)
    • Blue line: \(-log_{10}^{5 \times 10^{-5}}\)
  • QQ plot
  • AF plot
  • P-Z plot
  • beta_std plot: Scatter plot between \(\widehat{\beta_j^{std}}\) and \(\beta_j\)

Diagnostics

Details

Summary stats

skim_type skim_variable n_missing complete_rate character.min character.max character.empty character.n_unique character.whitespace logical.mean logical.count numeric.mean numeric.sd numeric.p0 numeric.p25 numeric.p50 numeric.p75 numeric.p100 numeric.hist
character ID 50 0.9999938 3 58 0 8036377 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
character REF 0 1.0000000 1 43 0 16626 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
character ALT 0 1.0000000 1 44 0 6017 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
logical AF 8036590 0.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NaN : NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
numeric CHROM 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.655812e+00 5.759849e+00 1.0000e+00 4.000000e+00 8.000000e+00 1.300000e+01 2.200000e+01 ▇▅▅▂▂
numeric POS 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 7.875083e+07 5.638631e+07 3.0200e+02 3.236003e+07 6.927730e+07 1.145243e+08 2.492385e+08 ▇▆▅▂▁
numeric EFFECT 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -1.129700e-03 1.333870e-02 -1.9070e-01 -7.300000e-03 -7.000000e-04 5.600000e-03 1.855000e-01 ▁▁▇▁▁
numeric SE 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.086610e-02 5.986400e-03 5.2000e-03 6.300000e-03 8.300000e-03 1.390000e-02 3.840000e-02 ▇▂▁▁▁
numeric PVAL 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.782928e-01 2.947813e-01 0.0000e+00 2.174999e-01 4.716002e-01 7.330000e-01 1.000000e+00 ▇▇▆▆▆
numeric PVAL_ztest 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.782975e-01 2.947953e-01 0.0000e+00 2.175721e-01 4.719572e-01 7.330394e-01 1.000000e+00 ▇▇▆▆▆
numeric AF_reference 171044 0.9787168 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.634243e-01 2.522301e-01 1.9970e-04 5.591050e-02 1.773160e-01 4.113420e-01 1.000000e+00 ▇▃▂▁▁
numeric N 0 1.0000000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.792187e+04 4.733390e+03 3.7363e+04 5.595200e+04 6.057600e+04 6.130800e+04 6.130800e+04 ▁▁▂▂▇

Head and tail

CHROM POS ID REF ALT EFFECT SE PVAL PVAL_ztest AF AF_reference N
1 49298 rs200943160 T C 0.0086 0.0089 0.3347997 0.3338980 NA 0.7821490 39732
1 54676 rs2462492 C T 0.0006 0.0091 0.9496999 0.9474303 NA NA 39732
1 86028 rs114608975 T C -0.0249 0.0152 0.1020000 0.1013888 NA 0.0277556 39000
1 91536 rs6702460 G T 0.0086 0.0093 0.3532002 0.3551058 NA 0.4207270 39732
1 234313 rs8179466 C T -0.0226 0.0204 0.2689998 0.2679296 NA NA 39000
1 534192 rs6680723 C T 0.0055 0.0097 0.5677995 0.5707072 NA NA 39732
1 546697 rs12025928 A G 0.0101 0.0143 0.4815995 0.4800055 NA NA 39000
1 693731 rs12238997 A G -0.0028 0.0111 0.8023000 0.8008461 NA 0.1417730 39000
1 705882 rs72631875 G A 0.0193 0.0151 0.2009000 0.2011981 NA 0.0315495 39000
1 706368 rs55727773 A G -0.0051 0.0073 0.4829999 0.4847832 NA 0.2751600 39732
CHROM POS ID REF ALT EFFECT SE PVAL PVAL_ztest AF AF_reference N
22 51219006 rs28729663 G A -0.0036 0.0100 0.7205996 0.7188471 NA 0.2052720 42220
22 51219387 rs9616832 T C -0.0231 0.0131 0.0781196 0.0778400 NA 0.0654952 42220
22 51219704 rs147475742 G A -0.0103 0.0183 0.5725995 0.5735428 NA 0.0473243 39000
22 51221190 rs369304721 G A -0.0208 0.0157 0.1864000 0.1852240 NA NA 39000
22 51221731 rs115055839 T C -0.0220 0.0132 0.0949795 0.0955807 NA 0.0625000 42220
22 51222100 rs114553188 G T 0.0063 0.0149 0.6735006 0.6724275 NA 0.0880591 41488
22 51223637 rs375798137 G A 0.0060 0.0150 0.6886999 0.6891565 NA 0.0788738 41488
22 51229805 rs9616985 T C -0.0219 0.0132 0.0963097 0.0970975 NA 0.0730831 42220
22 51232488 rs376461333 A G 0.0069 0.0303 0.8206000 0.8198618 NA NA 39000
22 51237063 rs3896457 T C 0.0034 0.0076 0.6559006 0.6546091 NA 0.2050720 42220

bcf preview

1   49298   rs10399793  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0086:0.0089:0.475215:39732:rs10399793
1   54676   rs2462492   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0006:0.0091:0.0224136:39732:rs2462492
1   86028   rs114608975 T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0249:0.0152:0.9914:39000:rs114608975
1   91536   rs1251109649    G   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0086:0.0093:0.451979:39732:rs1251109649
1   234313  rs8179466   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0226:0.0204:0.570248:39000:rs8179466
1   534192  rs6680723   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0055:0.0097:0.245805:39732:rs6680723
1   546697  rs12025928  A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0101:0.0143:0.317314:39000:rs12025928
1   693731  rs12238997  A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0028:0.0111:0.0956632:39000:rs12238997
1   705882  rs72631875  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0193:0.0151:0.69702:39000:rs72631875
1   706368  rs963699400 A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0051:0.0073:0.316053:39732:rs963699400
1   714596  rs149887893 T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0282:0.0198:0.809108:39000:rs149887893
1   715265  rs12184267  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0236:0.0195:0.644548:39000:rs12184267
1   715367  rs12184277  A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0214:0.0196:0.561616:39000:rs12184277
1   717485  rs12184279  C   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0221:0.0196:0.586365:39000:rs12184279
1   720381  rs116801199 G   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0224:0.0195:0.601366:39000:rs116801199
1   721290  rs12565286  G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0217:0.0196:0.573489:39000:rs12565286
1   722670  rs116030099 T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.005:0.0125:0.163233:39000:rs116030099
1   723891  rs2977670   G   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0263:0.0183:0.82333:39000:rs2977670
1   725060  rs1445661281    A   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0029:0.0232:0.0459988:39000:rs1445661281
1   726794  rs28454925  C   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0252:0.0195:0.708409:39000:rs28454925
1   729632  rs116720794 C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0268:0.0194:0.7734:39000:rs116720794
1   729679  rs4951859   C   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0076:0.0098:0.35635:39732:rs4951859
1   730087  rs148120343 T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0017:0.0158:0.0394817:39000:rs148120343
1   731718  rs58276399  T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0029:0.011:0.102648:39000:rs58276399
1   734349  rs141242758 T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0032:0.011:0.114526:39000:rs141242758
1   736289  rs1254887344    T   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0066:0.0106:0.273599:39732:rs1254887344
1   752478  rs146277091 G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0324:0.0195:1.01873:39000:rs146277091
1   752566  rs3094315   G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0108:0.0095:0.595508:42220:rs3094315
1   752721  rs3131972   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0109:0.0095:0.601539:42220:rs3131972
1   753405  rs3115860   C   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0093:0.0102:0.444664:41488:rs3115860
1   753541  rs1388595942    G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0095:0.0103:0.450261:41488:rs1388595942
1   754063  rs12184312  G   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0306:0.0196:0.929962:39000:rs12184312
1   754105  rs12184325  C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0297:0.0196:0.890759:39000:rs12184325
1   754182  rs3131969   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0094:0.0102:0.451856:41488:rs3131969
1   754192  rs3131968   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0094:0.0102:0.450997:41488:rs3131968
1   754211  rs12184313  G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.031:0.0195:0.94962:39000:rs12184313
1   754334  rs3131967   T   C   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0095:0.0102:0.457922:41488:rs3131967
1   754503  rs3115859   G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0112:0.0094:0.629672:42220:rs3115859
1   754629  rs10454459  A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0294:0.0195:0.880744:39000:rs10454459
1   754964  rs3131966   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0114:0.0094:0.647817:42220:rs3131966
1   755775  rs3131965   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0107:0.0094:0.592439:42220:rs3131965
1   755890  rs1280367067    A   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0087:0.0102:0.403293:41488:rs1280367067
1   756604  rs3131962   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.008:0.0102:0.363612:41488:rs3131962
1   757640  rs3115853   G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0091:0.0101:0.434506:41488:rs3115853
1   757734  rs1557551770    C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0084:0.0102:0.388808:41488:rs1557551770
1   757936  rs1360886751    C   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0084:0.0102:0.388808:41488:rs1360886751
1   758144  rs3131956   A   G   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0086:0.0102:0.399681:41488:rs3131956
1   758626  rs3131954   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0088:0.0102:0.413638:41488:rs3131954
1   759036  rs114525117 G   A   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  -0.0284:0.0196:0.834459:39000:rs114525117
1   760912  rs1048488   C   T   .   PASS    .   ES:SE:LP:SS:ID  0.0122:0.0094:0.715344:42220:rs1048488